Recent legal decisions and amendments highlight significant shifts in the landscape of labor law, affirming and expanding employers’ rights in California, while benefiting personally aggrieved employees as well. In EMD Sales, Inc. v. Carrera, the Supreme Court clarified the standard of proof employers must satisfy when defending against Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) overtime claims. In Leeper v. Shipt, Inc., the California Court of Appeal addressed arbitration requirements in the context of the Private Attorney General Act (PAGA). Meanwhile, changes to the PAGA framework itself took effect on January 1, 2025, with SB 92 introducing amendments that refine the standing